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Computer Architecture and Operating Systems

Course taught at Faculty of Computer Science of Higher School of Economics

Lecture 14

Thread-Level Parallelism

Lecture

Slides (PDF, PPTX).

Outline

Examples

Getting CPU information with Linux system utilities:

Core i7-3615QM, 4 cores (MacBook Pro 2012):

machdep.cpu.max_basic: 13
machdep.cpu.max_ext: 2147483656
machdep.cpu.vendor: GenuineIntel
machdep.cpu.brand_string: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3615QM CPU @ 2.30GHz
machdep.cpu.family: 6
machdep.cpu.model: 58
machdep.cpu.extmodel: 3
machdep.cpu.extfamily: 0
machdep.cpu.stepping: 9
machdep.cpu.feature_bits: 9203919201183202303
machdep.cpu.leaf7_feature_bits: 641 0
machdep.cpu.leaf7_feature_bits_edx: 2617246720
machdep.cpu.extfeature_bits: 4967106816
machdep.cpu.signature: 198313
machdep.cpu.brand: 0
machdep.cpu.features: FPU VME DE PSE TSC MSR PAE MCE CX8 APIC SEP MTRR PGE MCA CMOV PAT PSE36 CLFSH DS ACPI MMX FXSR SSE SSE2 SS HTT TM PBE SSE3 PCLMULQDQ DTES64 MON DSCPL VMX EST TM2 SSSE3 CX16 TPR PDCM SSE4.1 SSE4.2 x2APIC POPCNT AES PCID XSAVE OSXSAVE TSCTMR AVX1.0 RDRAND F16C
machdep.cpu.leaf7_features: RDWRFSGS SMEP ERMS MDCLEAR IBRS STIBP L1DF SSBD
machdep.cpu.extfeatures: SYSCALL XD EM64T LAHF RDTSCP TSCI
machdep.cpu.logical_per_package: 16
machdep.cpu.cores_per_package: 8
machdep.cpu.microcode_version: 33
machdep.cpu.processor_flag: 4
machdep.cpu.xsave.extended_state: 7 832 832 0
machdep.cpu.xsave.extended_state1: 1 0 0 0
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.version: 3
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.number: 4
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.width: 48
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.events_number: 7
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.events: 0
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.fixed_number: 3
machdep.cpu.arch_perf.fixed_width: 48
machdep.cpu.cache.linesize: 64
machdep.cpu.cache.L2_associativity: 8
machdep.cpu.cache.size: 256
machdep.cpu.tlb.inst.small: 64
machdep.cpu.tlb.inst.large: 8
machdep.cpu.tlb.data.small: 64
machdep.cpu.tlb.data.large: 32
machdep.cpu.tlb.shared: 512
machdep.cpu.address_bits.physical: 36
machdep.cpu.address_bits.virtual: 48
machdep.cpu.core_count: 4
machdep.cpu.thread_count: 8
machdep.cpu.tsc_ccc.numerator: 0
machdep.cpu.tsc_ccc.denominator: 0
hw.ncpu: 8
hw.byteorder: 1234
hw.memsize: 8589934592
hw.activecpu: 8
hw.physicalcpu: 4
hw.physicalcpu_max: 4
hw.logicalcpu: 8
hw.logicalcpu_max: 8
hw.cputype: 7
hw.cpusubtype: 4
hw.cpu64bit_capable: 1
hw.cpufamily: 526772277
hw.cacheconfig: 8 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
hw.cachesize: 8589934592 32768 262144 6291456 0 0 0 0 0 0
hw.pagesize: 4096
hw.pagesize32: 4096
hw.cachelinesize: 64
hw.l1icachesize: 32768
hw.l1dcachesize: 32768
hw.l2cachesize: 262144
hw.l3cachesize: 6291456
hw.tbfrequency: 1000000000
hw.packages: 1
hw.targettype: Mac
hw.cputhreadtype: 1

Core i7-8665U, 4 cores (Lenovo ThinkPad):

Architecture:             x86_64
  CPU op-mode(s):         32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:          39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  Byte Order:             Little Endian
CPU(s):                   8
  On-line CPU(s) list:    0-7
Vendor ID:                GenuineIntel
  Model name:             Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8665U CPU @ 1.90GHz
    CPU family:           6
    Model:                142
    Thread(s) per core:   2
    Core(s) per socket:   4
    Socket(s):            1
    Stepping:             12
    CPU(s) scaling MHz:   17%
    CPU max MHz:          4800.0000
    CPU min MHz:          400.0000
    BogoMIPS:             4199.88
    Flags:                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rd
                          tscp lm constant_tsc art arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx s
                          mx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm 3dno
                          wprefetch cpuid_fault epb ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 
                          erms invpcid mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt intel_pt xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves dtherm ida arat pln pts hwp hwp_notify hwp_act_window hwp
                          _epp vnmi md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
Virtualization features:  
  Virtualization:         VT-x
Caches (sum of all):      
  L1d:                    128 KiB (4 instances)
  L1i:                    128 KiB (4 instances)
  L2:                     1 MiB (4 instances)
  L3:                     8 MiB (1 instance)

Core i7-1260P, 8 cores (Huawei MateBook):

Architecture:             x86_64
  CPU op-mode(s):         32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:          39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  Byte Order:             Little Endian
CPU(s):                   16
  On-line CPU(s) list:    0-15
Vendor ID:                GenuineIntel
  Model name:             12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-1260P
    CPU family:           6
    Model:                154
    Thread(s) per core:   2
    Core(s) per socket:   8
    Socket(s):            1
    Stepping:             3
    BogoMIPS:             4992.00
    Flags:                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse s
                          se2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology tsc_reliable nonst
                          op_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c r
                          drand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced f
                          sgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsave
                          c xgetbv1 xsaves umip gfni vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid fsrm md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
Virtualization features:
  Hypervisor vendor:      Microsoft
  Virtualization type:    full
Caches (sum of all):
  L1d:                    384 KiB (8 instances)
  L1i:                    256 KiB (8 instances)
  L2:                     10 MiB (8 instances)
  L3:                     18 MiB (1 instance)

Core i7-13700, 12 cores (Lenovo ThinkCenter):

Architecture:             x86_64
  CPU op-mode(s):         32-bit, 64-bit
  Address sizes:          46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
  Byte Order:             Little Endian
CPU(s):                   24
  On-line CPU(s) list:    0-23
Vendor ID:                GenuineIntel
  Model name:             13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700
    CPU family:           6
    Model:                183
    Thread(s) per core:   2
    Core(s) per socket:   12
    Socket(s):            1
    Stepping:             1
    BogoMIPS:             4223.99
    Flags:                fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xt
                          opology tsc_reliable nonstop_tsc cpuid pni pclmulqdq ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch
                           invpcid_single ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rdseed adx smap clflushopt clwb sha_ni xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves
                           umip gfni vaes vpclmulqdq rdpid fsrm md_clear flush_l1d arch_capabilities
Virtualization features:
  Hypervisor vendor:      Microsoft
  Virtualization type:    full
Caches (sum of all):
  L1d:                    576 KiB (12 instances)
  L1i:                    384 KiB (12 instances)
  L2:                     24 MiB (12 instances)
  L3:                     30 MiB (1 instance)

AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370 w/ Radeon 890M:

Architecture:             x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):           32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:            48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order:               Little Endian
CPU(s):                   24
On-line CPU(s) list:      0-23
Vendor ID:                AuthenticAMD
Model name:               AMD Ryzen AI 9 HX 370 w/ Radeon 890M
CPU family:               26
Model:                    36
Thread(s) per core:       2
Core(s) per socket:       12
Socket(s):                1
Stepping:                 0
Frequency boost:          enabled
CPU(s) scaling MHz:       81%
CPU max MHz:              2000.0000
CPU min MHz:              605.2640
BogoMIPS:                 4000.12
Flags:                    fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx mmxext fxsr_opt pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good amd_lbr_v2 nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid extd_apicid aperfmperf rapl pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm cmp_legacy svm extapic cr8_legacy abm sse4a misalignsse 3dnowprefetch osvw ibs skinit wdt tce topoext perfctr_core perfctr_nb bpext perfctr_llc mwaitx cpuid_fault cpb cat_l3 cdp_l3 hw_pstate ssbd mba perfmon_v2 ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced vmmcall fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid cqm rdt_a avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves cqm_llc cqm_occup_llc cqm_mbm_total cqm_mbm_local user_shstk avx_vnni avx512_bf16 clzero irperf xsaveerptr rdpru wbnoinvd cppc arat npt lbrv svm_lock nrip_save tsc_scale vmcb_clean flushbyasid decodeassists pausefilter pfthreshold avic v_vmsave_vmload vgif x2avic v_spec_ctrl vnmi avx512vbmi umip pku ospke avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid bus_lock_detect movdiri movdir64b overflow_recov succor smca fsrm avx512_vp2intersect flush_l1d amd_lbr_pmc_freeze
Virtualization:           AMD-V
L1d cache:                576 KiB (12 instances)
L1i cache:                384 KiB (12 instances)
L2 cache:                 12 MiB (12 instances)
L3 cache:                 24 MiB (2 instances)

Workshop

Outline

Tasks

  1. Timer-based multitasking.

    How would you simulate multitasking using interrupts and timer? Write a program that contains two for-loops running in a semi-parallel mode. The first prints messages Thread1: 0..Thread1: N and the second prints messages Thread2: 0..Thread2: N. The program must use timer to switch between the threads.

    Hints:

    • Use timer.s as a basis.
    • Each thread stores in memory (.data section) its PC and values of register it uses.
    • When a timer interrupt occurs, the handler saves current register values, loads the new register values, and returns control to the PC of the next thread.

References